文心兰miR168分子进化特性及其对软腐病侵染的响应模式

【目的】探究文心兰miR168的分子进化特性,揭示文心兰miR168a及其候选靶基因响应软腐病菌侵染的表达模式。【方法】以文心兰miRNA文库、转录组数据库及miRbase数据库获取的植物miR168前体和成熟体序列为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法对其进行系统进化树构建、保守性分析、前体二级结构分析及靶基因预测;通过PCR技术克隆文心兰miR168a前体,采用qRT-PCR技术分析miR168a及其候选靶基因在文心兰不同组织（根、叶、假鳞茎）和感染软腐病（0,12,24,36和48 h）不同时间的表达模式。【结果】植物miR168序列保守性较高,来源于miR168前体的5p臂保守性高于3p臂,miR168前体分歧较大,茎序列的保守性高于环序列;从文心兰中克隆得到93 bp miR168a前体序列,包含21 nt miR168a成熟体序列。进化分析表明,物种亲缘关系对其前体和成熟体序列的形成影响较小;二级结构显示,文心兰miR168a前体能形成典型的发卡结构,其成熟体位于前体的5p臂;随着软腐病侵染时间延长,文心兰miR168a与其候选靶标RNA剪切复合体核心蛋白（AGO1）、RPM1互作蛋白（RIN4）、羧酸酯酶（CXE8）的表达趋势基本呈负相关,而与其候选靶标RNA解旋酶（PRH47A）、泛素羧基末端水解酶（UCH）的表达趋势呈正相关,说明可能存在其他miR168家族成员或miRNAs同时调控。【结论】文心兰miR168与其他植物miR168进化上兼具保守性和特异性,miR168a上调表达可能会增强文心兰的抗病性。     

针叶樱桃软糖的研制

以针叶樱桃粉为主要原料,通过正交试验确定软糖的最佳配方。结果表明,针叶樱桃软糖的最佳配方为针叶樱桃粉用量5 g,白砂糖用量35 g,麦芽糖浆用量50 g,柠檬酸用量0.6 g,明胶用量9 g,果胶用量0.5 g。在最佳工艺配方条件下,得到的产品糖体饱满、表面光滑细腻、软硬适中,具有针叶樱桃特有的风味。     

11种杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防治效果

由果胶杆菌属细菌Pectobacterium spp.引起的软腐病是世界范围内马铃薯生产上重要的细菌性病害之一。本研究分别采用碟片法和生长速率法探究了11种常用的杀菌剂对胡萝卜果胶杆菌胡萝卜亚种菌株Pcc20181的离体抑菌效果; 采用马铃薯半薯接种法评价了供试杀菌剂对马铃薯软腐病的防控效果。碟片法和生长速率法测定结果均显示:11种供试杀菌剂中72%农用硫酸链霉素SP、0.3%四霉素AS和3%噻霉酮WP离体抑菌效果最好, 抑菌圈直径介于0.13~1.47 cm, EC50介于1.695~44.363 mg/L; 新鲜半薯接种法测定结果表明, 11种供试杀菌剂中有8种对软腐病均有控病效果, 防效为33.33~92.50%。其中, 3%噻霉酮WP对马铃薯软腐病的防效最高为92.50%, 随后依次为72%农用硫酸链霉素SP （89.76%）、20%叶枯唑WP （58.81%）、0.3%四霉素AS （51.60%）。综合评价, 3%噻霉酮WP、20%叶枯唑WP和0.3%四霉素AS对马铃薯软腐病具有较好的防控效果。     

江苏省小麦籽粒蛋白质达标弱筋小麦的适生性分析与评价

【目的】弱筋小麦是制作饼干糕点类食品的原料,其烘烤特性很大程度上取决于蛋白质的质和量。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量（GPC,%）不仅由品种的遗传特性决定,还受到气候、土壤、栽培措施等影响。明确江苏省弱筋小麦适宜种植区域以及其地理、气候影响因素,可为江苏弱筋小麦的种植区划提供理论依据。【方法】在2年江苏省小麦品质抽样调查数据的基础上,利用随机森林算法筛选重要性指标,结合单组率Meta分析及其亚组分析,探究地理位置及气象因子对江苏省小麦籽粒蛋白质含量（GPC）达到弱筋小麦标准可能性的影响。【结果】2个年度江苏省小麦GPC平均值为13.92 %,其中2018年、2019年小麦GPC变幅分别为11.06%—18.09%、10.20%—16.50%,平均值分别为14.52%、13.33%,GPC<12.5%的样品分别占比10%、29.71%。从地理分布看,江苏的东南沿湖沿海地区小麦GPC达到弱筋小麦标准的可能性最高,达标可能性最高可达92%,其次是江苏东部沿海地区以及江苏西北部沿河一带。种植地距离一级河流和湖泊或者海岸线的最短距离为20—30 km时,达标可能性相对较高,为23.95%。从气象因子方面看,生育前期特别是出苗期和拔节期,降雨量对江苏弱筋小麦的形成影响较为重要;生育后期尤其是开花期以及灌浆期后期,积温对小麦GPC的影响更重要;且出苗和拔节期的日照时数及开花期的降雨量对江苏弱筋小麦的形成亦很重要,其中,江苏小麦GPC达标弱筋小麦标准的可能性与出苗期的降雨量呈正相关,而与出苗和拔节期的日照时数、拔节期的降雨量以及灌浆后期积温则呈负相关。【结论】江苏弱筋小麦适宜的种植范围受到水系分布与气象因素的共同制约,主要集中在东部沿海和东南沿海沿湖地区。在出苗、拔节期降雨量和开花灌浆期积温适宜的情况下,西北沿河一带的小麦GPC也可达标弱筋小麦标准。品质区划应重点考虑地理位置（水系分布等）和气候分布。     

ZD制剂对马肢蹄软组织损伤部位肌组织形态及VEGF和bFGF表达的影响

ZD制剂为治疗马非开放性软组织损伤的经典验方,为探索其作用机制,通过建立马前肢急性软组织损伤模型,对其进行组织形态学观察,评价ZD制剂对马急性软组织损伤的作用效果,采用免疫组织化学方法检测ZD制剂对VEGF、bFGF在肌肉中表达的影响。用20匹蒙古马随机分为4组,选取左前肢肩部臂部肌肉,制造急性软组织损伤模型。于造模前、后用取样器进行组织取样,制作成石蜡切片,观察其形态学变化,用免疫组织化学方法对阳性细胞分析VEGF、bFGF的表达。结果表明,试验药物组在损伤后的修复能力优于阳性药物组和阴性对照组。表明ZD制剂可通过促进成纤维细胞、毛细血管新生和肌细胞的生成来进行组织的修复再生,试验药物组在损伤后VEGF、bFGF的表达优于阴性对照组和阳性药物组,ZD制剂可能通过提高VEGF、bFGF的表达进行损伤的修复。     

Effects of particle size on the quality attributes of reconstituted whole-wheat flour and tortillas made from it

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of whole-wheat flour (WWF) particle size on the quality attributes of WWF tortillas. WWF samples of different particle size distributions from commercial U.S. hard white (median diameters: 175.7, 128.6, 120.0, 108.5 and 102.4 μm), hard red winter (median diameters: 173.7, 133.6, 124.3, 110.8 and 104.2 μm) and hard red spring (median diameters: 173.7, 132.1, 124.7, 112.9, 106.3 μm) wheat classes were obtained by fine grinding of bran and shorts and re-combining with the rest of fractions. For all three wheat classes, as WWF median particle size decreased, the L* (lightness) value decreased but the adjusted damaged starch, polyphenol oxidase activity, and a* and b* values increased. Mixolab data showed that development time decreased as WWF particle size was reduced, while stability time and starch retrogradation increased. As for WWF tortilla quality, the breaking force and extensibility increased with decreasing particle size from ∼175 to 129–134 μm, but diameter and thickness were not significantly affected. The results indicated that reducing the median particle sizes of WWFs from ∼175 μm to ∼130 μm would significantly improve the WWF tortilla quality.     

Soft tissue sarcomas in the pharyngeal region of a 5‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare

This case report describes the identification of multiple soft tissue sarcomas in the pharyngeal region of a 5‐year‐old Quarter Horse mare. Diagnostic work‐up included physical examination, radiography, ultrasonography, endoscopic examination of upper airways and guttural pouch, and post mortem examination with histopathology. Humane euthanasia was indicated due to the chronicity of the condition, prognosis and financial constraints.     

Case series: Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate in eight horses

Persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate (pDDSP) is a relatively rare equine disorder. This case series reports histories and clinical findings in 8 cases of pDDSP, and outcome after treatment of concurrent epiglottic entrapment (n = 3), laryngeal tie‐forward (n = 6) ± laser staphylectomy (n = 2), and/or sectioning of mucosa ventral to the epiglottis and the hyoepiglotticus muscles (n = 2). Four of 6 horses that underwent tie‐forward ± laser staphylectomy had complete resolution of pDDSP and returned to their previous level of work, as did one horse that had a subepiglottic releasing incision. Correction of concurrent epiglottic entrapment in 3 horses with pDDSP did not result in resolution of pDDSP in any case. Previous laryngeal surgery including laryngoplasty and ventriculocordectomy appear to be risk factors for the development of pDDSP.     

Effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice in northern Jiangsu plain,China

Mechanical transplanting with carpet seedlings (MC) and mechanical direct seeding (MD) are newly developed planting methods, which increase in popularity and planted area each year. Knowing the difference for yield and rice quality under different planting methods is of great importance for the development of high quality and yield cultivation techniques under mechanical conditions. Therefore, three kinds of japonica rice including hybrid japonica rice, inbreed japonica rice, and soft rice were adopted as materials. And the differences in the quality of processing, appearance, cooking and eating quality, nutrition, and the rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) profile were studied to reveal the effects of planting methods on yield and quality of different types of japonica rice. Results showed that the milled rice and head rice rates under MC was significantly higher than those under MD, and the processing quality of inbreed japonica rice was the most stable. Compared with MC, length/width ratio of rice under MD was significantly increased, and chalkiness rate, size, and degree were significantly decreased. The protein content under MD was lower than that under MC. MC showed higher peak viscosity and breakdown value than MD. The taste value was the greatest for soft rice, followed by inbreed japonica rice, and then by japonica hybrid rice, with no significant differences resulting from planting methods. Compared with MC, MD significantly improved the appearance quality, though processing quality and nutritional quality were decreased. And there was no significant difference in cooking and eating quality between MC and MD. Under different planting methods, the appearance quality of inbreed japonica rice changed the most and the processing quality was the most stable. The nutritional, cooking and eating quality of soft rice changed the least. Therefore, according to the different planting methods and market needs, selecting the appropriate rice varieties can reduce the risks in rice production and achieve good rice quality.     

大白菜软腐病新病原菌Pectobacterium aroidearum的鉴定及其生物学特性

细菌性软腐病是大白菜生产上主要发生病害之一,其病原菌通常为胡萝卜软腐果胶杆菌Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp.carotovorum(Pcc)。从北京房山区大白菜软腐病样中分离获得一株菌株KC20,其在LB固体培养基上的菌落呈圆形、乳白色、半透明、表面光滑且边缘整齐,在半选择性培养基CVP上产生典型的杯状凹陷。致病性测定结果表明,该菌株侵染引发的大白菜软腐症状与田间大白菜软腐自然发病症状相同。利用果胶杆菌属特异引物Y1/Y2可扩增出预期大小为434 bp的目的片段;ITS-PCR和ITS-PCR-RFLP结果发现,KC20与P.carotovorum菌株带型均不相同。KC20的16S rDNA基因完整序列与已报道的标准菌株P.aroidearum SCRI 109T(JN600323)的相应序列相似性高达99%以上;该序列系统发育关系分析表明,KC20与已报道的P.aroidearum菌株聚集,并形成了明显的P.aroidearum类群,基于pmrA基因序列和基于果胶杆菌8个看家基因(acnA、icd、gapA、mdh、mtlD、pgi、proA和rpoS)的MLSA-多位点序列分析进一步支持了这一结果。以上结果表明,引发北京地区大白菜软腐病的病原菌株KC20为果胶杆菌P.aroidearum。人工接种条件下,KC20还可侵染马蹄莲、虎眼万年青、马铃薯、鳄梨、西葫芦、胡萝卜、生菜和芹菜等植物;该菌株具备在37℃以及含有7%NaCl培养基中生长的能力,能液化明胶;可利用棉籽糖、纤维素二糖、蜜二糖,不能利用异麦芽酮糖、D-麦芽糖、D-阿拉伯糖、D-山梨醇、菊糖等。大白菜软腐病新病原菌Pectobacterium aroidearum的发现加深了我们对该病害的了解,为该病害的有效防治提供了参考。